The answer is ingrown hairs. Milady states this directly, nearly matching the question word for word: ingrown hairs are often the result of improper hair removal by a razor, tweezers, or trimmer.
The book specifies what counts as improper removal — excessively close shaving, shaving in the wrong direction, or excessive pressure — and warns that any of these can trap or push new hair under the skin, which may progress to infected bumps (folliculitis) if left untreated. Whorls are an unrelated hair-growth-pattern term, not a consequence of poor shaving technique.
Milady Standard Barbering, 6th ed., Ch. 13 (Shaving and Facial-Hair Design), p. 339: "Ingrown hairs are often the result of improper hair removal by a razor, tweezers, or trimmer. Improper hair removal includes excessively close shaving, shaving in the wrong direction, and/or excessive pressure."
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