The answer is deductive reasoning. Milady's definition matches the question almost word for word: deductive reasoning is the process of reaching logical conclusions by employing logical reasoning.
The book calls this a technique students should specifically learn to use for better test results, and lists several concrete strategies tied to it (like eliminating known-wrong answers and watching for grammatical clues). None of the other three choices — objective, relative, or effective reasoning — is a term the book actually defines.
Milady Standard Barbering, 6th ed., Ch. 19 (Preparing for Licensure and Employment), p. 710: "Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching logical conclusions by employing logical reasoning."
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