The answer is attachment combs. Milady's exact wording gives the alternate name directly: clipper guards, also known as attachment combs, are made of plastic, hard rubber, or steel.
The book explains their purpose — allowing hair to be left longer than what the clipper blades alone would achieve directly against the scalp — and cautions that guards don't do the actual cutting, so they may require more passes than steel blades. "Edgers" is a real barbering term, but it's a synonym for outliners, not for clipper guards.
Milady Standard Barbering, 6th ed., Ch. 5 (Implements, Tools, and Equipment), p. 117: "Clipper guards, also known as attachment combs, are made of plastic, hard rubber, or steel for both detachable-blade and adjustable-blade clippers."
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